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Utopia, Limited
''Utopia, Limited; or, The Flowers of Progress'', is a Savoy Opera, with music by Arthur Sullivan and libretto by W. S. Gilbert. It was the second-to-last of Gilbert and Sullivan's fourteen collaborations, premiering on 7 October 1893 for a run of 245 performances. It did not achieve the success of most of their earlier productions.
Gilbert's libretto satirises limited liability companies, and particularly the idea that a bankrupt company could leave creditors unpaid without any liability on the part of its owners. It also lampoons the Joint Stock Company Act by imagining the absurd convergence of natural persons (or sovereign nations) with legal commercial entities under the limited companies laws. In addition, it mocks the conceits of the late 19th-century British Empire and several of the nation's beloved institutions. In mocking the adoption by a "barbaric" country of the cultural values of an "advanced" nation, it takes a tilt at the cultural aspects of imperialism. The libretto was criticised as too long and rambling by some critics and later commentators, and several subplots introduced in Act I are never resolved.
''Utopia'' is performed much less frequently than most other Gilbert and Sullivan operas. It can be expensive to produce, requiring a large principal cast and two costumes ("native" and "drawing room") for most of the performers. The subject-matter and characters, including the specific government offices, are obscure for modern audiences, although its themes of corporatisation of public institutions and scandal in the British Royal family are evergreen. And although it contains some fine music, it perhaps has less than Sullivan's usual quota of unforgettable tunes. Bernard Shaw, however, wrote in his highly favourable October 1893 review of the show in ''The World'', "I enjoyed the score of Utopia more than that of any of the previous Savoy operas."〔Shaw, pp. 975–80〕
==Background==
In 1890, during the production of Gilbert and Sullivan's previous opera, ''The Gondoliers'', Gilbert became embroiled in a legal dispute with their producer, Richard D'Oyly Carte, over the cost of a new carpet for the Savoy Theatre – and, more generally, over the accounting for expenses over the course of their long partnership. Sullivan sided with Carte and was made a defendant in the case, and the partnership disbanded. Gilbert vowed to write no more operas for the Savoy, and after ''The Gondoliers'' closed in 1891, Gilbert withdrew the performance rights to his libretti.〔Shepherd, Marc. "Introduction: Historical Context", ''The Grand Duke'', p. vii, New York: Oakapple Press, 2009. Linked at ("The Grand Duke", ) ''The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive'', accessed 7 July 2009.〕〔Both Gilbert and Sullivan had sworn to affidavits that turned out to be false. By the end of 1890, after reviewing matters with Carte's wife, Helen, Gilbert had admitted his mistake. Sullivan, however, refused to admit his error until October 1891. Ainger, pp. 307–28〕 It was not until October 1891, after conversations with their publisher Tom Chappell, that Gilbert and Sullivan reconciled.〔Ainger, p. 328〕 After fulfilling their respective open commitments Gilbert and Sullivan were able to plan to renew their collaboration on a new opera, ''Utopia, Limited''.〔Ainger, pp. 331–36〕 The lawsuit, however, had left Gilbert and Sullivan somewhat embittered, and their last two works together suffered from a less collegial working relationship than the two men had typically enjoyed while writing earlier operas.
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